For Current Students
Graduation
涩里番下载 has three graduations each year: May, December, and August. For information on submission of a dissertation, refer to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences website.
Graduation Deadlines
For those wishing to graduate in either August or December, the deadline for submitting signed and approved copies of theses and dissertations is either August 1 or December 1.
For May graduates, the deadline for submission of signed and approved copies of theses and dissertations is April 1.
Resources
Contact the 涩里番下载C Graduate Studies Committee at eranthie@bc.edu
Contact the Associate Director of Administration and Graduate Student Services dale.mahoney.1@bc.edu
Registration & Scheduling
Graduate Studies
For information on or assistance with registering for a graduate course, please contact:
Professor Eranthie Weerapana
Chair, Graduate Chemistry Studies
Merkert 214A
(616) 552-2931
Using WebElements, a periodic table database.
The values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry.
Fundamental Physical Constants / Naturkonstanten
English/German
Exponent (base 10) of decimal numbers: e听n听= 10^n听. Units are separated by spaces, positive numbers denote powers, all units to the right of the slash are in the denominator (negative powers).
Planck constant听/ Plancksches Wirkungsquantum听h
听听听听6.6260755e-34 J s
听听听听h/(2 pi)听= 1.05457266e-34 J s
Boltzmann constant听/ Boltzmannsche Konstante听k_B
听听听听听1.380658e-23 J/K
Elementary charge听/ Elementarladung听e
听听听听1.60217733e-19 C
Avogadro number听/ Avogadrosche Zahl听N_A
听听听听听6.0221367e23 particles/mol
Speed of light听/ Lichtgeschwindigkeit听c
听听听听2.99792458e8 m/s
Permeability of vacuum听/ Permeabilit盲t des Vakuums听mu_0
听听听听mu_0听= 4听pi听e-7 T2 m3/J
听听听听12.566370614e-7 T2 m3/J
Permittivity of vacuum听/ Dielektrizit盲tskonstante des Vakuums听epsilon_0
听听听听epsilon_0听= 1 /听(mu_0 c^2)
听听听听听8.854187817e-12 C2/J m
Fine structure constant听/ Feinstrukturkonstante听1 / alpha
听听听听听137.0359895
Electron rest mass听/ Elektronenruhemasse听m_e
听听听听听9.1093897e-31 kg
Proton rest mass听/ Protonenruhemasse听m_p
听听听听1.6726231e-27 kg
Neutron rest mass听/ Neutronenruhemasse听m_n
听听听听听1.6749286e-27 kg
Bohr magneton听/ Bohrsches Magneton听mu_B
听听听听mu_B = eh/(4 pi m_e)
听听听听听9.2740154e-24 J/T
Nuclear magneton听/ Kernmagneton听mu_N
听听听听mu_N = eh/(4 pi m_p)
听听听听听5.0507866e-27 J/T
Free electron g factor听/ g-Faktor des freien Elektrons听g_e
听听听听2.002319304386
Free electron gyromagnetic ratio听/ gyromagnetisches Verh盲ltnis des freien Elektrons听gamma_e
听听听听听gamma_e = 2 pi g_e mu_B / h
听听听听听1.7608592e11 1/s T
听听听听gamma_e/(2 pi)听= 28.024944 GHz/T
Electron magnetic moment听/ magnetisches Moment des Elektrons听mu_e
听听听听听mu_e听= -(1/2)听g_e mu_B
听听听听-9.2847701e-24 J/T
Proton gyromagnetic ratio听(H2O) / gyromagnetisches Verh盲ltnis der Protonen in Wasser听gamma_p
听听听听2.67515255e8 1/s T
听听听听gamma_p/(2 pi)听= 42.576375 MHz/T
Proton magnetic moment听/ magnetisches Moment des Protons听mu_p
听听听听1.41060761e-26 J/T
Proton-electron ratios听/ Proton-Elektron-Verh盲ltnisse
听听听听m_p/m_e听= 1836.152701
听听听听mu_e/mu_p听= 658.2106881
听听听听gamma_e/gamma_p听= 658.2275841 (protons in water)
Charge-to-mass ratio for electron听/ Ladungs-Masse-Verh盲ltnis des Elektrons听e / m_e
听听听听1.75880e11 C/kg
Atomic mass unit听/ Einheit der Atommasse amu
听听听听1.66057e-27 kg
Bohr radius听/ Bohrscher Radius听a_0
听听听听5.29177e-11 m
Electron radius听/ Elektronenradius听r_e
听听听听2.81792e-15 m
Gas constant听/ Gaskonstante听R
听听听听听R = N_A k_B
听听听听8.3143 m2 kg/s2 K mol
Molar volume听/ Molvolumen听V_mol
听听听听听22.41383 m3/kmol
Faraday constant听/ Faradaysche Konstante听F
听听听听听F = N_A e
听听听听听9.64846e4 C/mol
Proton g factor听(Lande factor) / g-Faktor des Protons听g_H
听听听听5.585
Gravitational constant听/ Gravitationskonstante听G
听听听听6.6732e-11 m3/kg s2
Acceleration due to gravity听/ Erdbeschleunigung听g
听听听听9.80665 m/s2
Compton wavelength of the electron听/ Compton-Wellenl盲nge des Elektrons听lambda_c
听听听听lambda_c = h / (m_e c)
听听听听听2.42631e-12 m
Further Useful Constants / Weitere n眉tzliche Konstanten
Atomic energy unit听/ atomare Energieeinheit听Hartree
听听听听听1 Hartree =听e^2 /(4 pi epsilon_0 a_0)
听听听听听1 Hartree = 2.625501e+06 J/mol (approx. 627.5 kcal/mol)
Useful Conversion Factors / N眉tzliche Umrechnungsfaktoren
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
Proton Larmor frequency
听听听听nu_p = gamma_p/(2 pi) B
听听听听听nu_p听= 42.5764 MHz/T (H2O)
EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, ESR)
Electron Larmor frequency
听听听听nu_e = gamma_e/(2 pi) g/g_e B
听听听听nu_e听[GHz] = 13.9962听g B[T]
听听听听g听= 0.07144775听nu_e[GHz]/B[T]
听听听听g听= 3.04199听nu_e[GHz]/nu_p[MHz]
听听听听B听[T] = 0.0234872听nu_p[MHz]
Conversion of Units
听听听听1 G = 0.1 mT
听听听听1 T = 10 kG
听听听听1 mT = 10 G
听听听听A[MHz] = 2.80249听(g/g_e) A[G]
听听听听A[MHz] = 28.0249听(g/g_e) A[mT]
听听听听A[MHz] = 13.9962听g A[mT]
听听听听A[MHz] = 2.99792e4听A[1/cm]
听听听听A[1/cm] = 0.333564e-4听A[MHz]
听听听听A[1/cm] = 4.66863e-4听g A[mT]
Metric Prefixes
Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals 9.26 kilometers).
| Prefix | Symbol | Length, weight, or capacity | Area | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| exa | E | 10^18 | 10^36 | 10^54 |
| peta | P | 10^15 | 10^30 | 10^45 |
| tera | T | 10^12 | 10^24 | 10^36 |
| giga | G | 10^9 | 10^18 | 10^27 |
| mega | M | 10^6 | 10^12 | 10^18 |
| hectokilo | hk | 10^5 | 10^10 | 10^15 |
| myria | ma | 10^4 | 10^8 | 10^12 |
| kilo | k | 10^3 | 10^6 | 10^9 |
| hecto | h | 10^2 | 10^4 | 10^6 |
| basic unit | - | 1 meter, 1gram, 1 liter | 1 meter^2 | 1 meter^3 |
| deci | d | 10-^1 | 10-^2 | 10-^3 |
| centi | c | 10-^2 | 10-^4 | 10-^6 |
| milli | m | 10-^3 | 10-^6 | 10-^9 |
| decimilli | dm | 10-^4 | 10-^8 | 10-^12 |
| centimilli | cm | 10-^5 | 10-^10 | 10-^15 |
| micro | u | 10-^6 | 10-^12 | 10-^18 |
| nano | n | 10-^9 | 10-^18 | 10-^27 |
| pico | p | 10-^12 | 10-^24 | 10-^36 |
| femto | f | 10-^15 | 10-^30 | 10-^45 |
| atto | a | 10-^18 | 10-^36 | 10-^54 |
Basic Units
English/German
length听/ L盲nge
听听听听听听听听meter (British: metre) / Meter: m
mass听/ Masse
听听听听听听听听kilogram / Kilogramm: kg
time听/ Zeit
听听听听听听听听second / Sekunde: s
electric current听/ elektrische Stromst盲rke
听听听听听听听听ampere / Ampere: A
thermodynamic temperature听/ thermodynamische Temperatur
听听听听听听听听kelvin / Kelvin: K
amount of substance听/ Substanzmenge
听听听听听听听听mole / Mol: mol
luminous intensity听/ Lichtst盲rke
听听听听听听听听candela / Candela: cd
SI Derived Units / Abgeleitete SI-Einheite
English/German
Frequency听/ Frequenz
听听听听听听听听hertz: Hz = 1/s
Force听/ Kraft
听听听听听听听听newton: N = m kg/s2
Pressure, stress听/ Druck, mechan. Spannung
听听听听听听听听pascal: Pa = N/m2 = kg/m s2
Energy, work, quantity of heat听/ Energie, Arbeit, W盲rmemenge
听听听听听听听听joule: J = N m = m2 kg/s2
Power, radiant flux听/ Leistung
听听听听听听听听watt: W = J/s = m2 kg/s3
Quantity of electricity, electric charge听/ elektrische Ladung
听听听听听听听听coulomb: C = s A
Electric potential听/ elektrische Spannung
听听听听听听听听volt: V = W/A = m2 kg/s3 A
Capacitance听/ Kapazit盲t
听听听听听听听听farad: F = C/V = s4 A2/m2 kg
Electric resistance听/ elektrischer Widerstand
听听听听听听听听ohm: Omega = V/A = m2 kg/s3 A2
Conductance听/ elektr. Leitf盲higkeit
听听听听听听听听siemens: S = A/V = s3 A2/m2 kg
Magnetic flux听/ magnetischer Flu脽
听听听听听听听听weber: Wb = V s = m2 kg/s2 A
Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction听/ Magnetische Induktion
听听听听听听听听tesla: T = Wb/m2 = kg/s2 A
Inductance听/ Induktivit盲t
听听听听听听听听henry: H = Wb/A = m2 kg/s2 A2
Luminous flux听/ Lichtstrom
听听听听听听听听lumen: lm = cd sr
Illuminance听/ Beleuchtungsst盲rke
听听听听听听听听lux: lx = lm/m2 = cd sr/m2
Activity (ionizing radiations)听/ Radioaktivit盲t
听听听听听听听听becquerel: Bq = 1/s
Absorbed dose听/ Absorbierte (Strahlen-)Dosis
听听听听听听听听gray: Gy = J/kg = m2/s2听
Dynamic viscosity听/ Dynamische Viskosit盲t
听 听 听 听 pascal second: Pa s = kg/m s
Moment of force听/ Drehmoment
听 听 听 听 meter newton: N m = m2 kg/s2
Surface tension听/ Oberfl盲chenspannung
听 听 听 听 newton per meter: N/m = kg/s2
Heat flux density, irradiance听/ W盲rmeflu脽dichte
听 听 听 听watt per square meter: W/m2 = kg/s3
Heat capacity, entropy听/ W盲rmekapazit盲t, Entropie
听 听 听 听 joule per kelvin: J/K = m2 kg/s2 K
Specific heat capacity, specific entropy听/ Spezifische W盲rmekapazit盲t, spezifische Entropie
听 听 听 听 joule per kilogram kelvin: J/kg K = m2/s2 K
Specific energy听/ Spezifische Energie
听听听听听听听听joule per kilogram: J/kg = m2/s2
Thermal conductivity听/ Thermische Leitf盲higkeit
听听听听听听听听watt per meter kelvin: W/m K = m kg/s3 K
Energy density听/ Energiedichte
听听听听听听听听joule per cubic meter: J/m3 = kg/m s2
Electric field strength听/ Elektrische Feldst盲rke
听听听听听听听听volt per meter: V/m = m kg/s3 A
Electric charge density听/ Elektrische Ladungsdichte
听听听听听听听听coulomb per cubic meter: C/m3 = s A/m3
Electric displacement, electric flux density听/ Elektrische Flu脽dichte
听听听听听听听听coulomb per square meter: C/m2 = s A/m2
Permittivity听/ Influenz
听听听听听听听听farad per meter: F/m = s4 A2/m3 kg
Permeability听/ Permeabilit盲t
听 听 听 听 henry per meter: H/m = m kg/s2 A2
Molar energy听/ Molare Energie
听 听 听 听 joule per mole: J/mol = m2 kg/s2 mol
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity听/ Molare Entropie, molare W盲rmekapazit盲t
听 听 听 听 joule per mole kelvin: J/mol K = m2 kg/s2 K mol
Exposure (ionizing radiations)听/ Exposition
听 听 听 听 coulomb per kilogram: C/kg = s A/kg
Absorbed dose rate听/ Absorbierte Dosisrate
听 听 听 听 gray per second: Gy/s = m2/s3
听
cgs Units / cgs-Einheiten
erg
听听听听听听听听1 erg = E-7 J
dyne
听听听听听听听听1 dyn = E-5 N
poise
听听听听听听听听1 P = 1 dyn s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa s
stokes
听听听听听听听听1 St = 1 cm2/s = E-4 m2/s
gauss
听听听听听听听听1 G = E-4 T
oersted
听听听听听听听听1 Oe = (1000/(4 pi)) A/m
maxwell
听听听听听听听听1 Mx = E-8 Wb
stilb
听听听听听听听听1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = E4 cd/m2
phot
听听听听听听听听1 ph = E4 lx
听
Common Equivalent Weights and Measures
| Units | Metric Equivalent | U.S. Measures |
|---|---|---|
| acre | 0.404 685 64 hectares | 43,560 feet^2 |
| acre | 4,046.8564 meters^2 | 4,840 yards^2 |
| acre | 0.004 046 856 4 kilometers^2 | 0.001 562 5 miles^2, statute |
| are | 100 meters^2 | 119.599 yards^2 |
| barrel, (petroleum, US) | 158.987 29 liters | 42 gallons |
| barrel, (proof spirits, US) | 151.416 47 liters | 40 gallons |
| barrel, (beer, US) | 117.347 77 liters | 31 gallons |
| bushel | 35.239 07 liters | 4 pecks |
| cable | 219.456 meters | 120 fathoms |
| chain (surveyor's) | 20.116 8 meters | 66 feet |
| cord (wood) | 3.624 556 meters^3 | 128 feet^3 |
| cup | 0.236 588 2 liters | 8 ounces, liquid (US) |
| degrees, Celsius | (water boils at 100 degrees C, freezes at 0 degrees C) | multiply by 1.8 and add 32 to obtain degrees F |
| degrees, Fahrenheit | subtract 32 and divide by 1.8 to obtain degrees C | water boils at 212 degrees F, freezes at 32 degrees F |
| dram, avdp. | 1.771 845 2 grams | 0.0625 5 ounces, avdp. |
| dram, troy | 3.887 934 6 grams | 0.125 ounces, troy |
| dram, liquid (US) | 3.696 69 milliliters | 0.125 ounces, liquid |
| fathom | 1.828 8 meters | 6 feet |
| foot | 30.48 centimeters | 12 inches |
| foot | 0.304 8 meters | 0.333 333 3 yards |
| foot | 0.000 304 8 kilometers | 0.000 189 39 miles, statute |
| foot^2 | 929.030 4 centimeters^2 | 144 inches^2 |
| foot^2 | 0.092 903 04 meters^2 | 0.111 111 1 yards^2 |
| foot^3 | 28.316 846 592 liters | 7.480 519 gallons |
| foot^3 | 0.028 316 847 meters^3 | 1,728 inches^3 |
| furlong | 201.168 meters | 220 yards |
| gallon, liquid (US) | 3.785 411 784 liters | 4 quarts, liquid |
| gill (US) | 118.294 118 milliliters | 4 ounces, liquid |
| grain | 64.798 91 milligrams | 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. |
| gram | 1,000 milligrams | 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. |
| hand (height of horse) | 10.16 centimeters | 4 inches |
| hectare | 10,000 meters^2 | 2.471 053 8 acres |
| hundredweight, long | 50.802 345 kilograms | 112 pounds, avdp. |
| hundredweight, short | 45.359 237 kilograms | 100 pounds, avdp. |
| inch | 2.54 centimeters | 0.083 333 33 feet |
| inch^2 | 6.451 6 centimeters^2 | 0.006 944 44 feet^2 |
| inch^3 | 16.387 064 centimeters^3 | 0.000 578 7 feet^3 |
| inch^3 | 16.387 064 milliliters | 0.029 761 6 pints, dry |
| inch^3 | 16.387 064 milliliters | 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid |
| kilogram | 0.001 tons, metric | 2.204 623 pounds, avdp. |
| kilometer | 1,000 meters | 0.621 371 19 miles, statute |
| kilometer^2 | 100 hectares | 247.105 38 acres |
| kilometer^2 | 1,000,000 meters^2 | 0.386 102 16 miles^2, statute |
| knot (1 nautical mi/hr) | 1.852 kilometers/hour | 1.151 statute miles/hour |
| league, nautical | 5.559 552 kilometers | 3 miles, nautical |
| league, statute | 4.828.032 kilometers | 3 miles, statute |
| link (surveyor's) | 20.116 8 centimeters | 7.92 inches |
| liter | 0.001 meters^3 | 61.023 74 inches^3 |
| liter | 0.1 dekaliter | 0.908 083 quarts, dry |
| liter | 1,000 milliliters | 1.056 688 quarts, liquid |
| meter | 100 centimeters | 1.093 613 yards |
| meter^2 | 10,000 centimeters^2 | 1.195 990 yards^2 |
| meter^3 | 1,000 liters | 1.307 951 yards^3 |
| micron | 0.000 001 meter | 0.000 039 4 inches |
| mil | 0.025 4 millimeters | 0.001 inch |
| mile, nautical | 1.852 kilometers | 1.150 779 4 miles, statute |
| mile^2, nautical | 3.429 904 kilometers^2 | 1.325 miles^2, statute |
| mile, statute | 1.609 344 kilometers | 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs |
| mile^2, statute | 258.998 811 hectares | 640 acres or 1 section |
| mile^2, statute | 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 | 0.755 miles^2, nautical |
| minim (US) | 0.061 611 52 milliliters | 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid or one-sixtieth of a dram |
| ounce, avdp. | 28.349 523 125 grams | 437.5 grains |
| ounce, liquid (US) | 29.573 53 milliliters | 0.062 5 pints, liquid |
| ounce, troy | 31.103 476 8 grams | 480 grains |
| pace | 76.2 centimeters | 30 inches |
| peck | 8.809 767 5 liters | 8 quarts, dry |
| pennyweight | 1.555 173 84 grams | 24 grains |
| pint, dry (US) | 0.550 610 47 liters | .5 quarts, dry |
| pint, liquid (US) | 0.473 176 473 liters | 0.5 quarts, liquid |
| point (typographical) | 0.351 459 8 millimeters | 0.013 837 inches |
| pound, avdp | 453.592 37 grams | 16 ounces, avdp |
| pound, troy | 373.241 721 6 grams | 12 ounces, troy |
| quart, dry (US) | 1.101 221 liters | 2 pints, dry |
| quart, liquid (US) | 0.946 352 946 liters | 2 pints, liquid |
| quintal | 100 kilograms | 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. |
| rod | 5.029 2 meters | 5.5 yards |
| scruple | 1.295 978 2 grams | 20 grains |
| section (US) | 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 | 1 mile^2, statute or 640 acres |
| span | 22.86 centimeters | 9 inches |
| stere | 1 meter^3 | 1.307 95 yards^3 |
| tablespoon | 14.786 76 milliliters | 3 teaspoons |
| teaspoon | 4.928 922 milliliters | 0.333 333 tablespoons |
| ton, long or deadweight | 1,016.046 909 kilograms | 2,240 pounds, avdp. |
| ton, metric | 1,000 kilograms | 2,204.623 pounds, avdp. |
| ton, metric | 1,000 kilograms | 32,150.75 ounces, troy |
| ton, register | 2.831 684 7 meters^3 | 100 feet^3 |
| ton, short | 907.184 74 kilograms | 2,000 pounds, avdp. |
| township (US) | 93.239 572 kilometers^2 | 36 miles^2, statute |
| yard | 0.914 4 meters | 3 feet |
| yard^2 | 0.836 127 36 meters^2 | 9 feet^2 |
| yard^3 | 0.764 554 86 meters^3 | 27 feet^3 |
| yard^3 | 764.554 857 984 liters | 201.974 gallons |
听