涩里番下载

by Maura Kelly

At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow (COP26), . Robinson is perhaps America鈥檚 most celebrated science fiction writer: The author of more than twenty books鈥攊ncluding the international bestselling Mars trilogy, and more recently 2312, a New York Times bestseller nominated for all seven of the major science fiction awards (the first time any author has achieved such recognition)鈥擱obinson was also given the Heinlein Award in 2016 for lifetime achievement in science fiction. But while many readers may equate science fiction with dystopian visions, Robinson鈥檚 work tends to reach beyond disaster scenarios鈥攁s in his masterpiece of a story, The Ministry for the Future, the unusual and unusually hopeful novel of ideas that got him invited to COP26 in the first place. In Scotland, the vision that he presented was once again optimistic: 鈥淗uman accomplishment and solidarity鈥� might ultimately win the day, he suggested.聽

Robinson鈥檚 faith in progress and collective action accompanied him to 涩里番下载 on March 29th, where he delivered a mind-bogglingly comprehensive lecture to a hundred people packed into Gasson Hall. That night, as he discussed the climate crisis, geopolitics, the failures of neoliberalism, and just about everything else under the sun, the audience members sat forward in their seats so as not to miss a word; they may also have hoped to catch some of the personal warmth Robinson radiated throughout.聽聽

Anyone who has read only the striking first chapter of The Ministry for the Future鈥攏amed one of 2020鈥檚 best books by President Barack Obama鈥攎ight be surprised to learn Robinson doesn鈥檛 anticipate complete planetary destruction. That chapter, set a few years from now鈥攁nd much discussed among the chattering classes鈥攐pens on the immediate aftermath of a catastrophic Indian heat wave that leaves upwards of twenty million people dead. , his opening was inspired not by pure imagination as much as some scientific articles he鈥檇 read, which described:聽

of 鈥渨et-bulb 35鈥� temperatures, that being an index ofhigh heat and high humidity in combination. High-enough combinations can befatal for people unprotected by air conditioning 鈥� Such heat waves [are] alreadyhappening, and [are] sure to become more frequent and more long-lasting.

In other words, the book鈥檚 massive mass-casualty incident is the kind of thing that we could begin to witness in our lifetime, if global warming continues apace. Indeed, two years after Robinson鈥檚 book was published, 鈥攁 small number compared to during the unprecedented heat that enveloped the Pacific Northwest in June 2021.聽

Robinson鈥檚 heatwave setpiece unsettled more than a few members of the Schiller Institute book club, which had been discussing The Ministry for the Future in the run-up to Robinson鈥檚 arrival in Boston. 鈥淧eople either loved [the first chapter] or hated it,鈥� says Kelly Gray, a book club participant and English PhD student whose focus is on the environmental humanities. 鈥淎 lot of the conversation was about how depressing it was鈥濃�攄epressing because it was realistic. But that realism was actually part of the appeal of both the opening and the novel for Gray. 鈥淎 lot of cli-fi鈥斺�� i.e., climate fiction鈥斺�漣magines climate change as the future to come in a very apocalyptic way,鈥� she says. 鈥�The Ministry for the Future was more interested in climate change as an already apocalyptic situation, which enables a conversation on climate change more based in reality. I think there is hope in that way.鈥澛�

Another book club participant deeply impressed by the novel was Associate Professor of the Practice of Philosophy David Storey. The Ministry for the Future 鈥渨as probably the most impressive thing I鈥檇 read on climate,鈥� he says. 鈥淚t takes the reader through a scenario of what the next few decades might look like and sketches, in story form, a technologically, economically, politically plausible scenario for how humanity might get its arms around the climate crisis. I鈥檇 never seen anything like that. It was a very philosophical novel and at the same time very grounded. It was extremely inspiring.鈥澛�

As it happened, Storey read the book shortly before attending COP26, where he was part of 涩里番下载鈥檚 inaugural delegation there鈥攄ispatched by the college to gather fodder for climate courses and observe how the summit operates. In Glasgow, thanks to what Storey terms his 鈥渋diot savant facial recognition powers,鈥� he spotted Robinson ahead of him in the lunchline. After Storey introduced himself, Robinson graciously invited him to have a longer conversation the following day鈥攁 meeting that the two men were forced to have while sitting cross-legged on the ground, after being unable to find any other available space at the crowded conference. The camaraderie they found on the floor led to Robinson鈥檚 visit to campus.聽

Robinson鈥檚 talk at 涩里番下载, like his novel, was grounded in fact-based projections and scientific research; studded with statistics figures and invisible footnotes. Among the papers he cited was an influential 2009 article鈥攃o-authored by a group of scientists that included ecologists, meteorologists, biologists, evolutionary historians, and more鈥攁bout or thresholds that humanity cannot cross without exposing itself to 鈥渘on-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems鈥� that could well be cataclysmic. 鈥淲e estimate that humanity has already transgressed three planetary boundaries: for climate change, rate of biodiversity loss, and changes to the global nitrogen cycle,鈥� the authors noted. But though Robinson acknowledged the bad news in Gasson Hall鈥攁nd slammed the neoliberal faith in the market, which he blames for putting us in the danger we鈥檙e now in鈥攈e also argued that, believe it or not, we鈥檙e in a sweet spot or a 鈥淕oldilocks zone鈥� when it comes to the state of the celestial body we inhabit.鈥�

Climate change was always the next generation鈥檚 problem, or someone else鈥檚 problem,鈥� Robinson told the 涩里番下载 crowd. But all that passing the buck has changed of late, as increasingly fatal weather-related disasters鈥攍ike wildfires, floods, and, yes, heat waves鈥攄ominate the news year-round. 鈥淲e are now in the zone of realizing this is our problem.鈥� He went on to say that although we don鈥檛 have much time left to act, we do at least have 鈥漚 decade or two before we鈥檝e seriously endangered ourselves by way of runaway greenhouse effect.鈥澛�

What鈥檚 more, politicians and diplomats have recently taken a few big steps in the right direction, not least by agreeing to two landmark treaties, brokered by the United Nations: the so-called 鈥�,鈥� which aims to halt biodiversity loss by protecting thirty percent of the earth鈥檚 land as habitat for wild species by 2030 (thereby protecting human health and the food supply in the process); and the related 鈥攖en years in the making鈥攚hich establishes a legal framework for governing and protecting sea waters that lie outside of the jurisdiction of any nation, with the goal of preserving oceanic ecosystems.聽

Another high point Robinson cited was an agreement out of Capitol Hill last year: The of the so-called Inflation Reduction Act ( as 鈥渕ainly a climate change bill with a side helping of health reform鈥�). Though it provides tax credits for clean energy, Robinson was more excited about all the money the legislation will funnel into building out sources of renewable power鈥攃ash that will create jobs and fuel the economy. 鈥淭hree hundred and eighty billion dollars will be spent on good climate work,鈥� he said鈥攁n expenditure that will both help the economy and serve as an investment in national security. Robinson compared it to the one trillion dollars that the government hands over annually to the defense industry. He quoted John Maynard Keynes鈥斺�淎nything we have to do, we can afford to do鈥欌�濃�攂efore adding wryly, 鈥淚t鈥檚 not good for business if the biosphere crashes.鈥澛�

A comment that book club member Gray made about the conclusion of Robinson鈥檚 novel could also apply to his effect on campus: Both ended 鈥渙n a strangely hopeful point about finding community and reasons to connect to others.鈥� The book itself was a reason for Gray: Though she鈥檇 been hoping to discuss it with her peers, it wasn鈥檛 until the Schiller Institute organized the discussion group that she found the opportunity she鈥檇 been looking for. She was delighted to 鈥渆ngage in an interdisciplinary conversation about this novel,鈥� she says. 鈥淚 love that I get to learn about the science of the novel from environmental scientists while also discussing the merits of the text from the environmental community鈥檚 perspective.鈥� Professor Noah Snyder, the chair of the Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, enjoyed the group talks for a similar, if simpler, reason: 鈥淵ou don鈥檛 often get to read a book鈥濃�攁ny book鈥� 鈥渁nd discuss it with a group of academics.鈥� And after a member of the audience asked Robinson, during a question-and-answer session following the lecture, if he could recommend any 鈥渂ottom-up鈥� ways to do something about climate change, Robinson pointed to Chapter 85 of The Ministry of the Future, which he said was essentially 鈥渁 list of small groups around the world doing good for the environment. Wherever you live, you can put your shoulder to the wheel and someone already has a group you can join.鈥� He added, 鈥淪o yes: Let鈥檚 do it.鈥�